Economic Factors Of Food Deserts - 1936 Words

Abstract This paper studies the economic factors of food deserts in America. Determining aspects of food store locations, supply and demand, food pricing, income, and consumer preferences are discussed as some of the economic causes of food deserts. Ten articles are used to support this paper with unique standpoints on this topic. Subjects that these articles examine are consumer demand, healthful food pricing, business opportunity costs, effects of low income, heterogeneity and homogeneity of food choices, and the effects of low income. This paper should demonstrate that food deserts result from supply and demand, income, determinability of food market locations, and demand preferences. Keywords: Economic theory, Demand, Supply, Consumer Preferences, Poverty and low income, heterogeneity and homogeneity food The Economical Causations of Food Deserts Currently in America, people are faced with the problem of food insecurity and inadequate food resources. This social issue has forced people to succumb to food standards of low grocery store access and income instability of purchasing nutritious food. Aside from low income being a factor to people living in food deserts, there are also several economic factors that influence where food deserts occur. In this paper, the causes of food deserts are examined through the economic scope of determinability of supermarkets locations, supply and demand, and consumer preferences. Defining Food Deserts The U.S Department ofShow MoreRelatedThe Food Of Food And Its Effects On Health And Health1429 Words   |  6 Pages The term â€Å"food desert† was first defined by a British Low Income Project team as â€Å"areas of relative exclusion where people experience physical and economic barriers to accessing healthy foods†. (Reisig and Hobbiss). This description is in reference to the recent shift of food retailers away from urban areas into suburban developments. 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The system contains problems starting form the production stage (farm labor issues) to the distribution ( food insecurities ). The current food system is primary driven by commodity rather than what people in communities want or need. In other words, because of globalization the food system provides customers with goods without asking the needs and want of the people. For instance, many cit iesRead MoreThe Social Determinants Of Food Deserts And Food Insecurity Essay1680 Words   |  7 PagesThe Social Determinants of Food Deserts and Food Insecurity Diverse groups in American society are often the most marginalized and therefore the most vulnerable to issues that undermine the fair and uncomplicated pursuit of health and wellbeing. One of those issues is the lack of access to affordable healthy food and, in many cases, the inaccessibility to food in general. 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To dig even deeper, what are the significant factors of both topics? The answer to the most pressing subject of modern times will now be determined. Why is the topic really that important? Essentially, who is it important to? A person has traditionally been considered to be obese if they are more than 20 percent over their ideal weight. Also, the recent peakRead MoreThe Problem Of Childhood Obesity1199 Words   |  5 Pagesdefined as a body mass index (BMI) greater than or equal to the 95th percentile in children, is a continually growing epidemic in this country. There are several factors causing obesity, with poor diet and physical inactivity being two of the major contributors. The policy problem that will be addressed is the lack of access to healthy food in certain areas of the community. Addressing this problem will improve the health status of a specific population (obese children). Addressing it may also helpRead MoreThe City Of Compton s Struggle With Providing Fresh1609 Words   |  7 PagesCompton is the next step in stopping this food desert that the city is experiencing. Informing the people of how to cook the food being purchased would therefore in turn increase demand and only then can the food desert of Compton is reduced. Reducing the food desert problem for the city of Compton would result in healthier living styles and a reduction of obesity and diabetes that come with a food desert problem. LOS ANGELES FOOD DESERTS A food desert is a community that doesn t have sufficientRead MoreFood Insecurity And Measurements Used1681 Words   |  7 PagesFood Insecurity and Measurements Used To understand food insecurity, one first needs to grasp the concept of food security. Food security is present when all people, at all times, have physical, social and economic access to sufficient, safe and healthy food which meets their dietary needs and food preferences for a healthy lifestyle.1 So, food insecurity is when this source of healthy nutritious food is limited or unattainable, causing food deprivation and malnutrition.1 Food insecurity is a phenomenonRead MoreFood Deserts : What Is The Solution?853 Words   |  4 Pagesfundings, we can prevent food deserts, support programs needed for the people, and include psychological coverage. Consuming copious amounts of unhealthy foods is believed to be the main cause of obesity. This statement is true because of the existence of food deserts. In the article â€Å"Food Deserts: What is the problem? What is the solution?† by The Science Letter, it is determined that food deserts are when â€Å"Poor people eat poor diets in part because fresh, healthy food is not accessible in areas

What Are the Effects of Poor Communication in a Project

Faculty of Business Department of Management and Project Management Baccalaureus Technologiae Project Management Project Research IV Lecturer: L. Jowah RESEARCH METHODOLOGY PROPOSAL TABLE OF CONTENTS Hypothesis - The matrix management structure hinders the project manager when executing a project. 1 Research Question 1 Topic 1 KEY WORDS 1 CONCEPT DEFINITIONS 1 2 CHAPTER ONE BACKGROUND AND PROBLEM ORIENTATION 2 1.1 INTRODUCTION 2 1.2 BACKGROUND TO STUDY 3 1.3 PROBLEM FORMULATION 4 1.4 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY 5 1.4.1 Primary objective 5 1.4.2 Theoretical objectives of the study 5 1.4.3 Empirical objectives 5 1.5 RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY 6 1.5.1 Literature review 6 1.5.2 Target population 6 1.5.3 Sample selection and method of†¦show more content†¦Projects are usually led by a project manager who is a professional in the field of project management. Project managers can have the responsibility of the planning, execution, and closing of any project. 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And, as will be reviewed briefly below, several existing studies have demonstrated that SNA metrics and sociogram characteristics could serve as leading indicators of the quality of communication. Loosemore (1998) conducted a case study of a construction crisis to challenge the view thatRead MoreAnalysis Of Aaron s Communication Interaction998 Words   |  4 PagesThe purpose of this memo is to discuss Aaron s communication interaction, his professional ethics, examples of negative effects of poor communication, and how the KEYS process can help Aaron to communicate more efficiently. In order to complete this, we must be aware of which behaviors of Aaron s were wrong, and how to correct them. In each of my four answers, I will provide a sufficient response with a solution. In the end, I will discuss my closing thoughts. Confrontation is something that shouldRead MoreAnalyzing The Following Compound Risk : Unstable Requirements With Tight Budget Will Likely Cancel The Project1499 Words   |  6 Pagesthe project. Discuss the dependencies that exist between the two risks. Communication is an important part of our everyday lives. Without communications skills, it is extremely difficult to preform many simple tasks. With one person describing to another the function to perform, there needs to be clear description of the task at hand. When dealing with software projects, it is imperative that the end user convey their requirements of the software to the developer. Effective communication skillsRead MoreCase Study : Current State Assessment1183 Words   |  5 Pagesmandatory before any actions are taken. Issues faced by Fitness One 1) Training †¢ Inadequate and poor quality training: System related issues are not addressed in a substantive way due to poor quality of training. 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Crowdfunding for Business and Corporations Law -myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Crowdfunding for Business and Corporations Law. Answer: Introduction Crowdfunding is a method of financing a project by generating small amount of capital form a large number of peoples. Generally, the method of crowdfunding is used by entrepreneurs who cannot get funding from traditional sources. Crowdfunding method connects entrepreneurs and small financiers via the internet websites. The small financiers include family members, friends, relatives or other interested investors looking for small investments. In Australia, crowdfunding is a relatively modern concept introduced a few years ago. The government has enacted new regulations to promote crowdfunding for the small entrepreneurs. The reason for the growth in crowdfunding popularity is that small entrepreneur has interesting ideas but due to their large number, traditional investors cannot invest in each one of them. This essay will describe the procedure of crowdfunding to Howard Jones and evaluate whether it is better for him than traditional sources. Further, the essay will discuss various theories provided by experts and analyse the role of crowdfunding in various fields. The difference between various countries regulations will also be discussed in the essay. Crowdfunding Mechanism Most of the people have access to the internet which they use for their work, shopping, and entertainment. The modernisation of the internet allows people to learn and build new things. The number of entrepreneurs has grown significantly in past few decades due to the popularity of smartphones and internet-based services. Small businesses also use the internet to reach a larger audience and enchase their operations[1]. Increase in a number of entrepreneurs raises the requirement of funding for their operations. Traditional sources, such as venture capitalists, wholesale investors or banking corporations, cannot invest in all the entrepreneurs which left more of the small businesses without funding. Therefore, the crowdfunding procedure has gained popularity because it connects small entrepreneurs to the public. A large number of people spend a small amount of investment in the entrepreneurs project which helps them raise funding[2]. There are four different types of crowdfunding methods which entrepreneurs select according to their projects requirement. The reward-based method is based upon providing various incentives to the financiers, to attract their funding in the project[3]. Many NGOs uses donation-based crowdfunding procedure which allows people to donate to various social and charitable causes. The equity-based crowdfunding is used by small companies; they provide shares to the financiers as a reward for the investment provided by them. In lending-based crowdfunding, the funding provided by financiers is considered a debt which the company has to repay with interest[4]. To raise funding through crowdfunding method, entrepreneurs are required to follow certain guidelines. The entrepreneurs should provide all the necessary information regarding their project to the potential investors[5]. The information includes various aspects of the project such as price, investment requirement, time frame, specifications and incentives provided by the company to its investors. All such information must be correct and it must be accessible with the offer of crowdfunding. Commercial and Social Example There are various entrepreneurs who have used crowdfunding process to fund their projects. In Australia, there are several online websites which assist entrepreneurs and small businesses to raise funding for their projects such as Indigogo, Kickstarter, GoFundMe, and MyCause[6]. These websites connect public with entrepreneur and help them generate investment. In Australian, many small technology companies have used crowdfunding method to raise funding such as Ninja Block or KoalaSafe. Kickstarter websites help to fund more than 22 thousand entrepreneurs project through crowdfunding which raises more than $500 million in 2014. These online services assist small corporations and entrepreneurs in Australia to raise investment which eventually benefits the economy of the country. Pebble Time is one of the most successful crowdfunding projects that attract a large amount of attention worldwide with their smartwatch. The smartwatch provides various facilities to users such as calling, emails, fitness tracing a much more. The crowdfunding page of Pebble time raised more than $20 million through more than 80 thousand investors over Kickstarter website. Another successful example is Flow Hive, which is an Australian corporation which harvests honey. They introduced a new method of harvesting honey; customers can turn on the tap and fresh honey flow right out. In their Australian based crowdfunding campaign, they raised more than $12 million through public investors. These campaigns prove the significance of crowdfunding method for commercial purposes[7]. Many people and NGO take advantage of crowdfunding method by collecting charities for social causes; a good example is Saving Eliza campaign[8]. Eliza was 4 years old when she suffered from Sanfilippo syndrome. Due to the effects of disease Eliza was not able to feed, talk or walk. The treatment of Eliza costs about $2.5 million, Elizas parents did not have this much money. Elizas father decides to ask for help from the public and uploaded few homemade video of Elizas condition. The money raised online was not enough for Elizas treatment. Those videos were seen by a filmmaker name Benjamin Von Wong, who decided to help Elizas parents. He directed a short film based upon Elizas condition and uploaded it to the internet with a crowdfunding page attached; the movie was called Saving Eliza. People started to raise money for Elizas treatment and currently, the campaign has raised more than $1.8 million[9]. This campaign shows that along with commercial purposes, crowdfunding can be used f or the social and charitable purpose as well. Crowdfunding Regulations There are several examples which show that crowdfunding is beneficial for entrepreneurs and economy of a country. There are several countries that have enacted regulations regarding the crowdfunding procedure to promote its usage. Recently, Australia has also implemented a provision to regulate the procedure of crowdfunding in the country. The Corporations Amendment (Crowd-sourced Funding) Act 2017 has been enacted which provide provisions regarding crowdfunding used by corporations. The regulations are focused on promoting crowdfunding while protecting the people from fraud[10]. The act amends several provisions of Corporations Act 2001 to provide various exemptions to corporations regarding the use of crowdfunding method. Many regulations of Australian Securities and Investments Commission Act 2001 have also been amended to provide exemptions to market operators. The act limits financiers from spending more than ten thousand dollars over one crowdfunding project annually[11]. The wholesale investors are not restricted from investing in crowdfunding projects, but their amount of investment has been limited by the law. Corporations having an annual turnover or assets capitalisation below $5 million can raise investment through crowdfunding. In case of other countries such as the United States and the United Kingdom, the restriction over crowdfunding project is not available. The Jobs Act 2012 provides regulations regarding the crowdfunding procedure of companies in the United States. The financiers are allowed to spend according to their financial status[12]. Most of the entrepreneurs in the United States use crowdfunding method to raise funding for their unique and different idea. The regulation of crowdfunding is conducted by Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) and the government has introduced equity-based crowdfunding from 2016. According to the market experts in Australia, the regulations restrict entrepreneurs from generating large funding for their original ideas. The successful crowdfunding campaign such as Pebble Time was able to raise a large funding due to the lack of limits. Many experts criticised the regulations of government and provided that they are against the basis provisions of crowdfunding. According to Schulz and Mollica (2015)[13], the limits applied over crowdfunding process will reduce the development of crowdfunding process in Australia as compared to other countries. But, the steps taken by the government will help small entrepreneurs, such as Flow Hive to raise funding for their operations which help in the growth of Australian economy. Observation The popularity of crowdfunding method has grown considerably in between entrepreneurs and Small Corporation. It is a modern method for raising funding for the small projects by entrepreneurs. Many countries have implemented a legislative provision to promote and regulate crowdfunding method which helps in the development of their economy. Australia has also implemented new provision regarding the crowdfunding method to promote it in the country. Many experts have criticised the crowdfunding regulations, but most of them agreed that there was a need for proper legislation over crowdfunding process[14]. Legalising the process makes it trustable in between public which is beneficial for crowdfunding since the public is the key financiers in crowdfunding. While comparing with other countries, the regulations of Australia are relatively strict over the limits of investment. In the United States, crowdfunding policies are comparatively easier which is beneficial for the entrepreneurs. The maximum number of entrepreneurs in the United States uses crowdfunding to generate funding for unique and different projects. In Australia, the small-scale corporations and technology corporations use crowdfunding procedure for investment. Small corporations and entrepreneurs will be benefited by the regulations of crowdfunding procedure which eventually develop the countrys economy. The crowdfunding has benefited small corporations into growing their operations worldwide. Oculus Rift is a good example for understanding the influence of crowdfunding. Oculus VR decided to raise funding for their virtual reality headset called Oculus Rift, which gained a huge amount of attention from the public. The company rose a funding of $2.5 million using crowdfunding process. In 2014, Facebook decided to buy the company to acquire their virtual reality technology for $2 billion[15]. In 2015, the projects of crowdfunding have raised more than $34.4 billion for various entrepreneurs. Australian entrepreneurs are expecting the same enthusiasm from the public as well. There have been few successful crowdfunding campaigns in Australia such as Flow Hive, Ninja Block, and KoalaSafe, but compared to other countries the numbers are significantly low. The provisions established by the Australian government have been criticized but they will assist the progress of crowdfunding in Australia[16]. The regulations are formed to protect the capital of public from scam or fraud, but it restricts genuine entrepreneurs from generating large investment. For future development, the steps of Australian government will improve the countrys economy. Howard Jones has an original idea of increasing the life of batteries, which can be beneficial for a large number of people. Howards idea has potential to generate large amount through crowdfunding procedure. The legislative provisions passed by Australian government will asset Howard in rising large funding. In case of traditional sources, Howard can only collect funding from one method and the large investment corporations prefer to control the decisions of projects in which they invest their capital. Howard can lose the right for making decisions regarding his own company. Crowdfunding will automatically attract interest financiers to invest in Howards project. The decision-making power will also remain with Howard in crowdfunding process. Therefore, Howard should select crowdfunding procedure over traditional sources. Conclusion From the above report, it can be concluded that crowdfunding has gained popularity due to the modernisation of technology. A large number of people are opening their businesses which require funding; the traditional sources of funding are not able to invest in such businesses. Crowdfunding provides an alternative route to entrepreneurs by generating capital from the public. The entrepreneurs and public are connected over online websites, over which the information regarding entrepreneur are available. Interested people can invest a small amount in the project, which later provides various rewards to them. The Australian government has formed various provisions to regulate the procedure of crowdfunding and promote it in the country. Crowdfunding provides capital to entrepreneurs to start their businesses which eventually develop the countrys economy. Howard Jones should select crowdfunding method for generating investment because it provides various rewards to him. Howard will be able to generate large amount through crowdfunding than compared to traditional courses. The power for taking a decision in the project will be available to him; therefore, Howard should select crowdfunding as a method for raising investment. Bibliography Books/Article/Journals Bruton, Garry, et al. "New financial alternatives in seeding entrepreneurship: Microfinance, crowdfunding, and peer?to?peer innovations."Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice39.1 (2015): 9-26. Cordova, Alessandro, Johanna Dolci, and Gianfranco Gianfrate. "The determinants of crowdfunding success: Evidence from technology projects."Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences181 (2015): 115-124. Eastwell, Michelle, Jessica Dale, and Felicity Dunstone. "Crowd-sourced equity funding is coming to Australia."Governance Directions69.7 (2017): 411. Fitzpatrick, Jeff, et al.Business and corporations law. LexisNexis Butterworths, 2011. Frydrych, Denis, et al. "Exploring entrepreneurial legitimacy in reward-based crowdfunding."Venture Capital16.3 (2014): 247-269. Fumagalli, Danielle C., and Arvin M. Gouw. "Focus: Personalized Medicine: Crowdfunding for Personalized Medicine Research."The Yale journal of biology and medicine88.4 (2015): 413. Hui, Julie S., Michael D. Greenberg, and Elizabeth M. Gerber. "Understanding the role of community in crowdfunding work."Proceedings of the 17th ACM conference on Computer supported cooperative work social computing. ACM, 2014. Khadem, N. "Crowdfunding in Australia a step closer."The Sydney Morning Herald(2014). Manzoor, Amir. "Crowdfunding for Non-Profits."Handbook of Research on Emerging Business Models and Managerial Strategies in the Nonprofit Sector(2017): 152. Mollick, Ethan. "The dynamics of crowdfunding: An exploratory study."Journal of business venturing29.1 (2014): 1-16. Royal, Carol, and G. Sampath S. Windsor. "Microfinance, crowdfunding, and sustainability: A case study of telecenters in a South Asian developing country."Strategic Change23.7-8 (2014): 425-438. Stanko, Michael A., and David H. Henard. "How crowdfunding influences innovation."MIT Sloan Management Review57.3 (2016): 15. Stumm, Tony. "The rebirth of crowd funding in Australia!."Governance Directions69.2 (2017): 96. Valanciene, Loreta, and Sima Jegeleviciute. "Valuation of crowdfunding: benefits and drawbacks."Economics and Management 18.1 (2013): 39-48. Weinstein, Ross S. "Crowdfunding in the US and Abroad: What to Expect When You're Expecting."Cornell Int'l LJ46 (2013): 427. Others Schulz, Leigh and Mollica, Domenic. ASK THE EXPERT The regulation of crowdfunding in Australia: where are we and whats to come?. Australian Banking and Finance. Retrieved from https://forms.minterellison.com/files/Uploads/Documents/Publications/Articles/Aus-banking-and-finance-law-bulletin_leigh-schulz-anddomenic-mollica_aug2015.pdf

Racial Unity Through Ceremony Essays - Ceremony, Leslie Marmon Silko

Racial Unity Through Ceremony Racial Unity Through Ceremony Over the years, after wars and famine, peace-time and floods, few things have persisted to survive. Society, art, and other intangible objects as these are survivors of two millennia of human progress. Intelligent concepts and premises have also survived, as have emotions and morals. Even as these outstanding examples of humanity have survived, so have some less affirmative ideals lived on through our fore-bearers. Cultural, ideological, religious, and political supremacy are still abound today, as much as they were 50, 100, and even 5,000 years ago. In a shorter context, racism, the cockroach of human mentality, is still alive. It is the immortal insect that will live on as long as people tell their children to stay away from strangers, and others as equally unknown and different from the norm. Actively, society attempts to do away with it, while unconsciously, and quite willingly, hand feed its mandibles ourselves. There are, however, ever so few individuals in the world, that work to illustrate these infesting notions, and bring them to light, utilizing some of the constructive assets of the psyche, mainly arts and literature. One such person is Leslie Marmon Silko, a Native American author, and a target of such racist practices. In her book Ceremony, the topic of race and culture differences are dealt with thoroughly, as are the views that humanity should band together, or should accept that they are already tied together by fate, and face the problems that face every man. She utilizes inherent prejudices to draw lines between specific character groups, such as half-breeds, full-bloods, and quite otherworldly personalities, and then turns the readers intolerances about, bring to their notice that there are all characters are important to the web. Quite simply, Silko re-educates the reader by displaying equality through inequality and interconnection, while carrying them across time, planes of existence, and through their own minds. Within the structure of Ceremony prose and poetry, story and narrative, are shaped to fit the challenges of Silkos vision of racial equality. Her world of special consciousness is, in a very special word from the book, fragile. The old man Kuoosh explains the meaning of fragile to Tayo, who is seeking (almost constantly) an understanding of the implications of ritualized vision, and the meanings of his own tormenting visions. Kuoosh uses language with particular care, the narrator explains, as he reveals the meaning of story in a story Tayo is grouped with the reader as he hears the explanation: The word he chose to express fragile was filled with the intricacies of a continuing process, and with a strength inherent in spider webs woven across paths through sand hills where early in the morning the sun becomes entangled in each filament of web. It took a long time to explain the fragility and intricacy because no word exists alone, and the reason for choosing each word had to be explained with a story about why it must be said this certain way. That was the responsibility that went with being human, old Kuoosh said, the story behind each word must be told so that there could be no mistake in the meaning of what had been said; and this demanded great patience and love. (Silko 36) For Silko the responsibility that went with being human is expressed through the clarity of the story. Great patience and love are demanded of the story-teller not only so that there could be no mistake in the meaning, but also as a reflection of the full significance of the act of storytelling. Such as action interpenetrates the story-teller with other story tellers before him, showing that he is one and the same as every man before him, and with the intricacies of a continuing process of art. In a world of vision no word exists alone, that is to say, that each word is also just as important as the next; equal. Each word is caught within the fragile web of humanity to meaning, and each serves to reveal that very process of interconnection through its expression. Tayos quest, though representative of his contemporaries, whether black or Native American, is more than allegorical. His is a journey within the metaphors that extend

Esperenzas Neighborhood Watch

Esperenzas Neighborhood Watch Esperanza's Neighborhood WatchThe House on Mango Street by Sandra Cisneros was a book that was very well written, descriptive, and relatable. The book is about a young girl named Esperanza who is of Hispanic descent. Esperanza and her family move from apartment to apartment never giving themselves to settle in or get close to any neighbors or make any friends. Of the many lessons that Esperanza learns from the time that she spends examining the lives of the people around her, the most important of these lessons are about maturity and how she feels about her home and identity. By learning about her neighbors and the lives they lead, she learns more about herself and how she wants to dictate her own life.Esperanza's maturity grows throughout the book. However, her maturity didn't happen in one step, but involved learning about the values of her family, responsibility, the pride of her heritage, and strength and confidence in herself.What Esperanza Is NotEsperanza first learns the value of family the day her father tells her about her grandfather's death. Never seeing her father's tears, she could only imagine what she would do if she were in his shoes. "And I think if my own Papa died what would I do. I hold my Papa in my arms. I hold and hold and hold him." (Cisneros 57) This quote shows that Esperanza values her father so much she wants to hold him, hoping he would be with her forever. Maturity involves the realization of the important aspects of one's life, and Esperanza's family meant everything to her.Esperanza, the oldest child of the family, realized she would have to inform her younger siblings about the death of her grandfather. Even though her father didn't mention anything to her about having to tell the others,

Why We are Shy Writers…and Natural At It

Why We are Shy Writers†¦and Natural At It I swear†¦emails from readers are the best catalysts for editorials and lessons. They make me think, and they give me ideas for stories, for solutions, for hints on how to help other writers. It’s been a while since I’ve talked SHY WRITER. As many of you know, I wrote THE SHY WRITER REBORN because I have an earnest longing to help writers afraid to publish, speak or self-promote. It’s hard. I hate it, too. It goes against my grain. If I could stay locked up in my study writing, and let someone else sell my work, I would. Most of us would. So I wrote THE SHY WRITER REBORN to share the hints, lessons and tricks I’ve collected over the years that help me step away from my desk and be an entrepreneur. I’m much better than I used to be, but still, there are many moments when I want to turn down an opportunity, walk away from people, and crawl into my own head to live out my life†¦and tell my stories. But last week I received this memo: â€Å"I need a push. Confidence in business and teaching has been my strength for so many years. Why am I a shy writer?† This woman could’ve been me . . . WAS me. As a federal director for years, I held a reputation for being pretty strong and diligent in maintaining the direction of any mission assigned to me. Many relied upon me. Some of my peers found me intimidating. To tell you a secret, part of that intimidation was the fact I would write better than anyone I met within the agency, and trust me, writing well makes everyone who can’t write think you’re part genius. But I recall the first time I had to read my fiction aloud, at a critique group. After 25 years of management, I sat in a room at the local library, holding only ten people, and literally shook as I read Chapter One of Lowcountry Bribe. Five years later, when Lowcountry Bribe had a contract, when I should’ve felt validated, I stood at a writers conference to read my fiction again, and shook. That evening, I pondered what the deal was. How could I be so strong one minute and fearful the next? Then it hit me. In business and teaching, we are symbolic of an organization, a school, a subject. We are something else. However, as writers, we are putting ourselves out there. What we say is only ours, from our words, our personal thoughts. That’s hitting too close to home. If we can put ourselves in the â€Å"role† of author, maybe that same strength we use for business and teaching would come forth. And I’ve been using that logic ever since.

RF Integrated Circuits-electrical engineering Thesis Proposal

RF Integrated Circuits-electrical engineering - Thesis Proposal Example The metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET or MOS) is a four terminal device that can operate in three different regions – cut-off, linear and saturation regions – that states the current it can supply depending on the voltages applied to those terminals (Rabaey 57). Static Complementary MOS (static CMOS) is the most widely used logic style, because it presents some important characteristics: low sensitivity to noise (robustness), good performance, low power consumption, availability in standard cell libraries, among others. Also, the BiCMOS technology has become a viable option for RF applications. The main challenge in the design of RF circuits for products is due to the little operation margins given by the constraints on power consumption and noise (ENZ 189). It is not simple to do the IC design in an environment that is mostly used for digital electronics by involving a RF part. It can be said that the RF parts of an IC do not interact properly w ith the digital parts, since there is a tendency of noise from one part getting into the other. One possible solution is to isolate the RF circuit by shielding it. The modeling of the MOS transistors for operating at RF should be able to accurately predict the performance of the circuits.

Discussion Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 3

Discussion - Research Paper Example Both pieces are white and have columns and arches, and are decorated by sculptures. Similarly, they both are examples of representational art. However, the subject matters of the two pieces are different. The Temple of Athena’s purpose is to help the Greeks in war, while the Arch of Constantine celebrates the war that has already been won. The Temple of Athena had a religious function of worshiping the goddess of victory. The statue of Athena inside the Temple held a pomegranate in one hand, which was a symbol of fertility, and a helmet, a symbol of war, in the other hand. In addition, Athena had no wings, as usual. She was depicted without wings in order not to ever leave the city, as the people believed (Ancient-Greece.org, 2013). On contrast, the Arch of Constantine had a social and political function of celebrating, immortalizing and commemorating Constantine’s victory over his enemy. The use of materials from the monuments of Marcus Aurelius, Hadrian and Trajan, who were considered good emperors, also created positive associations between them and

Abnormality - deviating from what is normal Essay Example for Free

Abnormality deviating from what is normal Essay The meaning of abnormality is deviating from what is normal, this sounds simple enough, but what do we classify as being normal. Statistical infrequency is one approach of trying to define normal and abnormality by using statics to identify certain behaviors within a population and does this correctly, but it does not however identify which behaviors within a population need treatment (undesirable). For example trait anxiety, someone with high trait anxiety would be advise to have some sort of treatment, however someone with low trait anxiety is hardly clinical abnormality and could be desirable. So there would be seen to be a glitch in this definition of abnormality, as it does not define how behaviors maybe seen as desirable or undesirable. Furthermore against this definition of abnormality is that the statics only relate to one source of population and does not apply to any other age groups or cultures. Two more attempts of defining abnormality are the Failure to Function Adequately theory and also the Deviation From Social Norms. Failure to Function Adequately basically means unable to perform a normal state of every day living, and it is the social groups them selves that contribute to determine what is a normal state of living, and if an individual is unable to function adequately, that would suggest that they have a abnormal behavior. Rosenhan Seligman (1989) suggested seven concepts of abnormal behavior, that by then selves would not suggest someone is abnormally but if one or two of the behaviors did occur then the individual would be seen as being abnormal. The seven concepts of behavior that Rosenhan Seligman came up with was: Suffering-This is a key feature to abnormality but yet almost all normal individuals endure suffering, for example losing a loved one. Maladativeness- This behavior prevents the individual of making major life goals, for example creating a good relationship with another or unable to work efficiently. Vividness and unconventionality of behavior- This behavior is aimed at when an individual behaves differently in situations to those surrounding them. Unpredictability and loss of control- Abnormal individuals behavior is often uncontrollable. Observer discomfort-This is even the observer fells uncomfortable with another individuals behavior. This concept of behavior may differ between other cultures. Violation of moral and ideal standards-this behavior concerns the established moral standards within a population, but the majority of people may fail to maintain those standards.

Practice makes Perfect Essay -- Essays Papers

Practice makes Perfect As I look back on my schooling I can’t believe how many papers I’ve written throughout my life. Naturally as I’ve grown up, my writing has developed from learning how to write sentences all the way up to the pages of essays that consist of deeper criteria. I know for a fact that I’m a better writer now than I was before. College writing is more challenging and I’ve had to learn how to adjust to it. Over the semester we have written papers that have helped me develop my skills. Before we did the first two papers of the class, I really didn’t know much about paraphrase and summary. I wasn’t sure how long it would take me to learn these skills, but I soon realized that it wasn’t as bad as I thought it would be. Ultimately, I think t...

Preparing Domain and Group Structure Essay

Active Directory Certificate Services Active Directory Certificate Services Active Directory Certificate Services (AD CS) provides customizable services for issuing and managing certificates in software security systems that use public key technologies. You can use AD CS to create one or more certification authorities (CA) to receive certificate requests, verify the information in the requests and the identity of the requester, issue certificates, revoke certificates, and publish certificate revocation data. Applications supported by Active Directory Certificate Services include Secure/Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (S/MIME), secure wireless networks, virtual private networks (VPN), IP security (IPSec), Encrypting File System (EFS), smart card logon, Secure Socket Layer/Transport Layer Security (SSL/TLS), and digital signatures. Active Directory Domain Services Active Directory Domain Services (AD DS) stores information about users,  computers, and other devices on the network. AD DS helps administrators securely manage this information and facilitates resource sharing and collaboration between users. AD DS is also required to be installed on the network in order to install directory-enabled applications such as Microsoft Exchange Server and for applying other Windows Server technologies such as Group Policy. Active Directory Federation Services Active Directory Federation Services (AD FS) provides Web single-sign-on (SSO) technologies to authenticate a user to multiple Web applications that use a single user account. AD FS accomplishes this by securely federating, or sharing, user identities and permissions, in the form of digital claims, between partner organizations. Active Directory Lightweight Directory Services Organizations that have applications which require a directory for storing application data can use Active Directory Lightweight Directory Services (AD LDS) as the data store. AD LDS runs as a non-operating-system service. Therefore, AD LDS does not require deployment on a domain controller. Running as a non-operating-system service allows multiple instances of AD LDS to run at the same time on a single server, and each instance can be configured independently for servicing multiple applications. Active Directory Rights Management Services (AD RMS) Active Directory Rights Management Services is information protection technology that works with AD RMS -enabled applications to help safeguard digital information from unauthorized use. Content owners can define exactly how a recipient can use the information, such as who can open, change, print, forward, or take other actions with the information. Organizations can create custom usage rights templates such as â€Å"Confidential – Read-Only† that can be applied directly to information such as financial reports, product specifications, customer data, and e-mail messages. Application Server Application Server provides a complete solution for hosting and managing high-performance distributed business applications. Integrated services,  such as the .NET Framework, Web Server Support, Message Queuing, COM+, Windows Communication Foundation, and Failover Clustering support improve productivity throughout the application life cycle, from design and development through deployment and operations. Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol Server The Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) allows servers to assign, or lease, IP addresses to computers and other devices that are enabled as DHCP clients. Deploying DHCP servers on the network automatically provides computers and other TCP/IP based network devices with valid IP addresses and the additional configuration parameters these devices need./these are known as DHCP options, which allow them to connect to other network resources, such as DNS servers, WINS servers, and routers. DNS Server Domain Name System (DNS) provides a standard method for associating names with numeric Internet addresses. This lets users refer to network computers by using easy-to-remember names instead of a long series of numbers. Windows DNS services can be integrated with DHCP services, eliminating the need to add DNS records as computers are added to the network. Fax Server Fax Server sends and receives faxes, and lets you manage fax resources such as jobs, settings, reports, and fax devices on this computer or on the network. File Services File Services provides technologies for storage management, file replication, distributed namespace management, fast file searching, and streamlined client access to files, such as UNIX-based client computers. Hyper-Vâ„ ¢ Hyper-V provides the services that you can use to create and manage virtual computing environments and their resources. Virtual computers operate in an isolated operating environment. This lets you to run multiple operating systems at the same time. You can use a virtualized computing environment to improve the efficiency of your computing resources by using more of your hardware resources. Network Policy and Access Services Network Policy and Access Services delivers many different methods to give  users local and remote network connectivity, to connect network segments, and to allow network administrators to centrally manage network access and client health policies. With Network Access Services, you can deploy VPN servers, dial-up servers, routers, and 802.11-protected wireless access. You can also deploy RADIUS servers and proxies, and use Connection Manager Administration Kit to create remote access profiles to let client computers to connect to the network. Print and Document Services Print and Document Services enables you to centralize print server and network printer management tasks. With this role, you can also receive scanned documents from network scanners, and route the documents to a shared network resource, a Windows SharePoint Services site, or to e-mail addresses. Remote Desktop Services Remote Desktop Services provides technologies that enable users to access Windows-based programs that are installed on a remote desktop server, or to access the Windows desktop itself, from almost any computing device. Users can connect to a remote desktop server to run programs and to use network resources on that server. Web Server (IIS) The Web Server (IIS) role in Windows Server 2008 R2 lets you share information with users on the Internet, an intranet, or an extranet. Windows Server 2008 R2 delivers IIS 7.5, a unified Web platform that integrates IIS, ASP.NET, and Windows Communication Foundation. Windows Deployment Services You can use Windows Deployment Services to install and configure remotely Windows operating systems on computers that have Pre-boot Execution Environment (PXE) boot ROMs. Administration overhead is decreased through the implementation of the WdsMgmt Microsoft Management Console (MMC) snap-in that manages all aspects of Windows Deployment Services. Windows Deployment Services also provides end-users an experience consistent with Windows Setup. Windows Server Update Services Windows Server Update Services allows network administrators to specify the Microsoft updates that should be installed, to create separate groups of  computers for different sets of updates, and to obtain reports on the compliance levels of the computers and on the updates that must be installed. Organizational Units (OUs) will be set up for each location. There will be two OUs for each: management and employee. These OUs will be used to control user access to resources and login. Administrators will be able to move users through the organization if their roles change without having to recreate their accounts. Kudler Fine Food’s explosive growth has brought the company to the point where it is time to shift paradigms to a new, modern network and information technology infrastructure. The cornerstone of this new Infrastructure is going to be Windows Server 2008 R2 (W2k8R2). W2k8R2 is able to maximize IT efficiencies and security using the Active Directory system of administration and organization. It uses a forest-based system which we will use to efficiently manage Kudler’s multiple existing and future locations. The root of the Kudler domain will be physically located in La Jolla at Corporate Headquarters. It will be named kudler.com. The La Jolla branch Domain Controller will be lajolla.kudler.com. Each subsequent branch will also have a Domain Controller, also in the root kudler.com domain, and also named it’s location. Del Mar will have delmar.kudler.com as its DC and Encinitas will have encinitas.kudler.com as its local DC. Each DC will hold a copy of the global catalog for fault tolerance purposes. This will enable each location to provide login services in the event that the link to corporate headquarters is broken. Having a single domain with Domain Controllers spread out at each location will make security maintenance a simpler task. With only one domain, connected via site links, a single administrator can push security policies to remote locations. This enables lower administration costs because each site does not require an admin on payroll. This model also allow corporate to ensure that proper policies are being implemented, and followed, at all locations. Another advantage of this model is that users only need to be input in to one Active Directory and they will be able to access their login at any authorized company location. Authorized locations will be enforced with Organizational Units (OUs). Users will be placed in OUs that signify what resources they are allowed to access. The Corporate OU will be allowed to login at any location. Each store will also have an OU named for them, and employees at those stores will only be able to log in at their store. A benefit in ease of administration is that if a user moves stores, they do not need a new account. They only need to be moved in to the new applicable OU. In order to ensure the system runs smoothly there will be new ongoing Management Tasks. These will ensure that the system is kept up to date and that necessary legal and security requirements are met. It will be up to Kudler Management to determine the form requirements, or authorize P&G to draft them, but the follow should be considered at a minimum: 1) New User Form: This will be completed at employee onboarding. It will contain a Notice of Monitoring and Proper Use rules so that in the event of any misconduct by the employee legal action can take place. It will also give the system administrator all the information needed to create the user’s account and place them in the proper OUs. When the form is completed it should be faxed (since it requires a signature) to headquarters immediately for action. 2) Employee Transfer Form: This will be completed if an existing employee moves from one store to another. This will be used to move the employee’s account from their existing OU to the new proper one. It will include things like username, current location, new location, and effective date. Store managers can complete it online and email it to corporate administrators. 3) Employee Termination Form: This form will be sent from a store manager to terminate an employee’s access to the network. It will contain the username, current location, and effective date. 4) Active Directory Backup: A procedure will need to be vetted that backs up the current Active Directory State and verifies it. The process periodicity will need to be determined as well as the backup location. We recommend that it be completed at least weekly and the backup be replicated to each of  the company sites. This ensures that in the event of a Active Directory malfunction that all users, group policies, and computer accounts can be restored. The purpose of replicating it to each site is so that if any site is destroyed, the other sites still have it. This is less costly than dedicated offsite storage. 5) Business Data Backup: A procedure for business data, ie: invoices, billing statements, payroll, personnel files, inventory control, etc, must be created as well. Like the AD Backup, we recommend that it be replicated to each site, and for the same reasons. However we recommend that the periodicity of this backup be done at least daily, possibly even hourly, due to the extremely high value of the data to the business. P&G can begin implementation immediately if these methods are acceptable to Kudler. Kudler Fine Food’s new IT Infrastructure is based on Windows Active Directory. Active Directory requires properly configured Domain Name Services (DNS) in order to function. We will be configuring Active Directory Integrated DNS in the new Infrastructure rollout. While DNS and Active Directory naming conventions can be the same, they do not necessarily HAVE to be the same. We will be using a tiered approach to DNS that will not directly mimic the AD naming convention. The tiers will be based on geographic location, unlike the AD naming convention that is unified. The DNS hierarchy will be arranged like this: As previously discussed, each store will have a Active Directory Domain Controller as well. There is no need for Read-Only Domain Controllers (RODCs) in Kudler’s architecture. Each store’s AD Domain Controller will host a copy of the Global Catalog. This will ensure that in the event of a site link outage that each store is still able to process logins. Active Directory Sites and Services will handle domain Controller Replication natively. Each store will be assigned a network subnet. That subnet will be entered in as the network ID for that store’s site. Since  Kudler has high speed links at all current sites, replication will be set to occur at all times, using high-bandwidth. A site-link called â€Å"CA-Intra-State† will be created and used for these connections. The strategy will be different for new stores outside California. Each new state that Kudler expands to will have a single location connected to La Jolla via a high-speed link. This location, like those in California, will be set to to always replicate using high-bandwidth. A new site-link for each state will be created called â€Å"StateX-Corp-Sync†. Where things differ now is that each subsequent site in that new state will have a low-speed connection the state hub. A site link called â€Å"StateX-Intra-State† will be created, and each site in that state will be added to that link. It will be set to a low-speed link and told to only replicate when needed. This will preserve bandwidth but still ensure that remote sites get updates from corporate, albeit at a slower pace. If Kudler continues to grow past two or three states, it would be worth looking at regionalizing so that La Jolla does not have to process all the load. References Kudler Fine Food. (2013). Retrieved from http://https://ecampus.phoenix.edu/secure/aapd/cwe/citation_generator/web_01_01.asp Morimoto, R., Noel, M., Droubi, O., Mistry, R., & Amaris, C. (2010). Windows Server ® 2008 R2 unleashed. Indianapolis, IN: Sams. Panek, W. (2011). MCTS: Windows Server ® 2008 R2 complete study guide (exams 70-640, 70- 642 and 70-643). Indianapolis, IN: Wiley Technology.

Demand, Supply and Market Equilibrium

Demand, Supply and Market Equilibrium Every market has a demand side and a supply side and where these two forces are in balance it is said that the markets are at equilibrium. The Demand Schedule: The Demand side can be represented by law of downward sloping demand curve. When the price of commodity is raised (ad other things held constant), buyers tend to buy less of the commodity. Similarly when the price is lowered, other things being constant, quantity demanded increases. The above figure shows quantity demanded at different prices.Here we can observe that the quantity demanded increases as the price decreases and vice versa keeping other things constant. This happens basically due to factors namely Income effect and substitution effect. Demands for any quantity is determined by three factors namely want for the commodity, will to buy the same and ability to buy the same. A whole array of factors determines how much would be the quantity would be demanded at a given price i. e. the other factors that are mentioned above: 1. Average income of the consumer 2. Size of the market . Prices and availability of related goods 4. Tastes and preferences of the consumer 5. Special influences Shift in demand curve Vs Movement along Demand Curve or Change in Demand Vs Change in Quantity Demanded A change in demand occurs when one of the elements underlying the demand curve shifts. For example if a person likes Pizzas and his income increases. So as his income increases he will demand more of pizzas even if the prices of pizzas do not change. In other words, higher income level has resulted in higher demand for pizzas i. e. here are a shift n the demand curve or change in demand. Again if the price of pizzas fall and other things viz. income of the consumer remains same. Again there would rise in quantity demanded. This increase in quantity demanded is due to decrease in price. This change represents movement along demand curve or change in quantity demanded. Further th is can be explained by the following graph. Here we can observe that with increase in income level the consumer shifted to series 2 and with decrease in price of the commodity he would move along the same demand curve in series one.The Supply Schedule: Supply schedule shows the amount of a commodity that the seller would like to offer for sell at various prices. Supply curves are drawn on assumption of constant technology, and input or resources (labour, land and capital) prices. The above curves shows amount of commodity that a supplier would like to sell at various prices. For example at a price of Re. 1 he does not wish to sell any quantity and at a price of Rs. 5 he would like to sell 18 units of the commodity. There are various factors effecting supply curve they are stated as follows: 1. Technology . Input Prices 3. Prices of related goods 4. Government Policy 5. Special influences Shifts of Curves Vs Movement along the curves As is the case with the demand curve, supply curve s also follow the same principal. Change in any of the above mentioned factors would cause a shift in curves and any change occurs due to change in price it is called movement along the curve. The same is shown below: Equilibrium of Supply and Demand The market equilibrium comes at that price and quantity where the forces of supply and demand are in balance. At the equilibrium price amount that the uyer wants to buy is just equal to the amount that seller wants to sell. The reason we call this equilibrium is that when the forces of supply and demand are in balance, there is no reason for price to rise or fall, as long as other things remain unchanged. In economics equilibrium means that the different forces operating on a market are in balance, so the resulting price and quantity reconcile the desires of purchases and suppliers. Equilibrium can be shown and explained by the below mentioned graphical representation. The above graph shows at a price of Rs. 0, quantity demanded and sup plied is 19 units. Any increase (or decrease) in price would result in fall (or rise) in demand, keeping the other things constant. Further the relationship between demand curve and supply curve are discussed as below: | Demand and Supply Shifts| Effect on Price & Quantity| If Demand rises| Demand curve shifts to the right| Price , Quantity | If Demand falls| Demand curve shifts to the left| Price , Quantity| If Supply rises| Supply curve shifts to the right| Price , Quantity| If Supply falls| Supply curve shifts to the left| Price , Quantity |When there is excess demand or excess supply, the market by determining the equilibrium price and quantities, allocates or rations out the scares goods among the possible uses. The market place through its interaction of supply and demand does the rationing. This is rationing by the purse. When cell phones was launched in India cost of both handsets and call rates were high, infact even incoming calls were charged exuberantly. Then came Relian ce with its dream of handing cell phones to each Indians.They came out with the concept of no charges for incoming calls and also came out with lower call rates as compared to the existing players it created an instant demand for its connections and hence captured major products and as a result all the existing players had to lower their tariffs matching to that of Reliance. Again the handsets were costly but Nokia came into the market with wide range of handsets and was instant hit. It captured the market initially. Recently we see Samsung coming out with lower ranged handsets with all the applications and features combined in its handsets at a lower price and creating a demand for its products.There are some exception to the theory of price and demand. There are few players in this industry which are exceptions viz. Blackberry and Apple’s i-phones. I-phones acts as an exception because of its features and the status and brand value it commands in the market. While Blackberr y has a feature called BBM and its image as business phones due to which it acts an exception to the law of demand as irrespective of its price business class still demands it. We can say that the market works on the demand and supply structure but still there are some exceptions to these rules also as discussed above.

ADD

ADD Attention Deficit Disorder is not a life threatening disorder. It does not put people in hospitals, it does not cause children to have limbs amputated, but it does make learning in a standard environment difficult. Children with Attention Deficit Disorder were once considered "rowdy"  and "rambunctious" , but now it is known that Attention Deficit Disorder is a disease. Children are born with it, and it can make the school environment especially difficult, for the child and for the adult that has to interact with the child. Attention Deficit Disorder is usually detected in early to childhood and fades away during or right after adolescence, but some adults live their entire life with Attention Deficit Disorder-like symptoms.In this paper I will discuss the symptoms, diagnosis, treatments, organizations dedicated to Attention Deficit Disorder, the Americans with Disabilities Act, statistics, different theories on possible causes for Attention Deficit Disorder, some famous people that have Attention Deficit Disorder and a brief editorial written by a student with Attention Deficit Disorder: myself.English: AdderallSYMPTOMS Attention Deficit Disorder manifests itself in many different behavioral forms, such as but not limited to:  · FAILURE TO PAY ATTENTION TO DETAIL IN WORK, PRIMARILY SCHOOL WORK BUT ALSO AT THE WORK PLACE. · LACK OF LISTENING SKILLS. EASILY DISTRACTED WHEN SPOKEN TO DIRECTLY. · POOR ORGANIZATION SKILLS, DIFFICULTIES PLANNING AND SORTING OUT A SCHEDULE. · MISPLACING OF TOOLS OR OTHER THINGS NEEDED TO COMPLETE A TASK, SUCH AS PENCILS, PAPER, OR BOOKS. · FORGETFUL IN EVERY DAY ACTIVITES.DIAGNOSIS Attention Deficit Disorder is diagnosed by a psychiatrist and is always a matter of opinion. Some doctors may think that the child is wild or just likes to misbehave, while other doctors may believe that the child has Attention Deficit Disorder, and needs medication.

Llamar Conjugation in Spanish, Translation and Examples

Llamar Conjugation in Spanish, Translation and Examples The Spanish verb  llamar  means to call. It is a regular -ar verb, like buscar or parar. Below you can find tables for the conjugation of  llamar in the present, past and future indicative, the present and past subjunctive, as well as the imperative and other verb forms. Llamar Meaning The simple translation of llamar is to call, but depending on its usage, the meaning can vary slightly. For example, it can mean to call as in call someone to come to you,  La madre llamà ³ a los nià ±os para la cena  (The mother called the children for dinner), or it can mean to call on the phone,  El doctor llamà ³ a su paciente por telà ©fono  (The doctor called his patient on the phone). In addition, it can sometimes be used to say that someone is at the door, knocking or ringing,  Alguien llama a la puerta  (Someone is at the door). Another meaning of the verb  llamar  is to name something or someone. For example,  Cuando lo adoptamos, llamamos al perro  Popo  (When we adopted it, we named the dog Popo). It can also mean to call someone or something by a certain name, as in  Su nombre es Federico, pero lo llamamos Fede  (His name is Federico, but we call him Fede). Finally, llamar  can be used as a reflexive verb,  llamarse,  to talk about what someones name is. To say my name is Ana, you can say  Mi nombre es Ana,  but it is actually very common to say  Me llamo Ana  (I am called Ana). For this reason, some people get confused and think that  llamo  means name, but actually, when saying  me llamo  you are saying I am called. When using the verb in this way, remember to include the reflexive pronoun before the conjugated verb. One thing to keep in mind when using the verb  llamar  is how the double L is pronounced in Spanish. In English, the double L is pronounced just like you would pronounce a normal L. However, in Spanish when there are two Ls together, they make a sound much like the English Y (as in yam), or often it sounds like the English J (as in Jack). There is quite a bit of variation in the pronunciation of the Spanish Ll depending on where the Spanish speaker is from.  In some places of South America it even sounds like Sh (as in shark). Llamar Present Indicative Yo llamo I call Yo llamo a mi madre por telfono. T llamas You call T llamas al nio para cenar. Usted/l/ella llama You/he/she calls Ella llama a su abuela todas las semanas. Nosotros llamamos We call Nosotros llamamos a la puerta. Vosotros llamis You call Vosotros llamis profe a la profesora. Ustedes/ellos/ellas llaman You/they call Ellos llaman a los bomberos por el incendio. Llamar Preterite  Indicative In Spanish there are two forms of the past tense, the preterite and the imperfect. The preterite is used to talk about punctual events or events that have a defined ending in the past. Remember to include the accent mark on the last vowel of the  yo  and  usted/à ©l/ella  forms in the preterite. Yo llam I called Yo llam a mi madre por telfono. T llamaste You called T llamaste al nio para cenar. Usted/l/ella llam You/he/she called Ella llam a su abuela todas las semanas. Nosotros llamamos We called Nosotros llamamos a la puerta. Vosotros llamasteis You called Vosotros llamasteis profe a la profesora. Ustedes/ellos/ellas llamaron You/they called Ellos llamaron a los bomberos por el incendio. Llamar Imperfect  Indicative The imperfect tense is used to talk about background events, ongoing or habitual actions in the past. It can be translated to English as was calling or used to call.   Yo llamaba I used to call Yo llamaba a mi madre por telfono. T llamabas You used to call T llamabas al nio para cenar. Usted/l/ella llamaba You/he/she used to call Ella llamaba a su abuela todas las semanas. Nosotros llambamos We used to call Nosotros llambamos a la puerta. Vosotros llamabais You used to call Vosotros llamabais profe a la profesora. Ustedes/ellos/ellas llamaban You/they used to call Ellos llamaban a los bomberos por el incendio. Llamar Future  Indicative Yo llamar I will call Yo llamar a mi madre por telfono. T llamars You will call T llamars al nio para cenar. Usted/l/ella llamarn You/he/she will call Ella llamar a su abuela todas las semanas. Nosotros llamaremos We will call Nosotros llamaremos a la puerta. Vosotros llamaris You will call Vosotros llamaris profe a la profesora. Ustedes/ellos/ellas llamarn You/they will call Ellos llamarn a los bomberos por el incendio. Llamar Periphrastic Future  Indicative Yo voy a llamar I am going to call Yo voy a llamar a mi madre por telfono. T vas a llamar You are going to call T vas a llamar al nio para cenar. Usted/l/ella va a llamar You/he/she is going to call Ella va a llamar a su abuela todas las semanas. Nosotros vamos a llamar We are going to call Nosotros vamos a llamar a la puerta. Vosotros vais a llamar You are going to call Vosotros vais a llamar profe a la profesora. Ustedes/ellos/ellas van a llamar You/they are going to call Ellos van a llamar a los bomberos por el incendio. Llamar Conditional  Indicative The conditional  tense is used to talk about possibilities or conjectures, to talk about things that would happen. For example,  Si tuviera tiempo, llamarà ­a a mi amiga  (If I had time, I would call my friend). Note that the à ­ in the conditional endings always carries an accent mark. Yo llamara I would call Yo llamara a mi madre por telfono. T llamaras You would call T llamaras al nio para cenar. Usted/l/ella llamara You/he/she would call Ella llamara a su abuela todas las semanas. Nosotros llamaramos We would call Nosotros llamaramos a la puerta. Vosotros llamarais You would call Vosotros llamarais profe a la profesora. Ustedes/ellos/ellas llamaran You/they would call Ellos llamaran a los bomberos por el incendio. Llamar Present Progressive/Gerund Form In regular -ar verbs, you form the present participle or gerund  with the ending  -ando. This verb form is used for several purposes, such as to form the progressive tenses, like the present progressive. Present Progressive of Llamar est llamando she is calling Ella est llamando al nià ±o para cenar. Llamar Past Participle The past participle for  -ar  verbs is formed with the ending  -ado.  The past participle is used with an auxiliary verb to form compound tenses, such as the present perfect.   Present Perfect of  Llamar   ha llamado she has called Ella ha llamado a su abuela.   Llamar Present Subjunctive The subjunctive mood is used to talk about emotions, doubts, desires, possibilities, and other subjective situations. It is used in sentences with two clauses: the main clause contains a verb in the indicative mood, and the subordinate clause contains a verb in the subjunctive mood. Que yo llame That I call David quiere que yo llame a mi madre por telfono. Que t llames That you call Mara quiere que t llames al nio para cenar. Que usted/l/ella llame That you/he/she call Esteban quiere que ella llame a su abuela todas las semanas. Que nosotros llamemos That we call Carla quiere que nosotros llamemos a la puerta. Que vosotros llamis That you call Francisco quiere que vosotros llamis profe a la profesora. Que ustedes/ellos/ellas llamen That you/they call Diana quiere que ellos llamen a los bomberos por el incendio. Llamar Imperfect  Subjunctive The imperfect subjunctive is used similarly to the present subjunctive, but in situations that happened in the past. There are two options for conjugating the imperfect subjunctive, shown in the tables below. Option 1 Que yo llamara That I called David quera que yo llamara a mi madre por telfono. Que t llamaras That you called Mara quera que t llamaras al nio para cenar. Que usted/l/ella llamara That you/he/she called Esteban quera que ella llamara a su abuela todas las semanas. Que nosotros llamramos That we called Carla quera que nosotros llamramos a la puerta. Que vosotros llamarais That you called Francisco quera que vosotros llamarais profe a la profesora. Que ustedes/ellos/ellas llamaran That you/they called Diana quera que ellos llamaran a los bomberos por el incendio. Option 2 Que yo llamase That I called David quera que yo llamase a mi madre por telfono. Que t llamases That you called Mara quera que t llamases al nio para cenar. Que usted/l/ella llamase That you/he/she called Esteban quera que ella llamase a su abuela todas las semanas. Que nosotros llamsemos That we called Carla quera que nosotros llamsemos a la puerta. Que vosotros llamaseis That you called Francisco quera que vosotros llamaseis profe a la profesora. Que ustedes/ellos/ellas llamasen That you/they called Diana quera que ellos llamasen a los bomberos por el incendio. Llamar Imperative   The imperative mood is used to give direct orders or commands. There are forms for all the persons except for those to whom you cannot give a direct command (first person singular yo  and third person à ©l, ella,  ellos, ellas).  When giving a  negative command, add the adverb  no  before the command. Notice that the positive and negative commands are different for  tà ºÃ‚  and  vosotros. Positive Commands T llama Call! Llama al nio para cenar! Usted llame Call! Llame a su abuela todas las semanas! Nosotros llamemos Lets call! Llamemos a la puerta! Vosotros llamad Call! Llamad profe a la profesora! Ustedes llamen Call! Llamen a los bomberos! Negative Commands T no llames Dont call! No llames al nio para cenar! Usted no llame Dont call! No llame a su abuela todas las semanas! Nosotros no llamemos Lets not call! No llamemos a la puerta! Vosotros no llamis Dont call! No llamis profe a la profesora! Ustedes no llamen Dont call! No llamen a los bomberos!

Alternative Energy Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Alternative Energy - Research Paper Example There are various alternate energy incentives that the United States Federal Government can offer. It should focus more on promoting renewable energy and for that, there are various incentives that it can offer. The government needs to promote new technology and offer incentives to investors who deploy that technology. Secondly, it should offer opportunities such as tax exemptions for businesses that make use of wind or solar power energy. There is a new law that was recently passed which propagated tax exemptions for homeowners who made energy-efficient improvements in their current homes. The law is under Residential Energy Property Credit (Section 1121) (IRS)This alternative energy incentive was subjected to improvements at home such as adding insulation, constructing energy-efficient exteriors and having energy efficient heating and cool systems at home. The government during Bush’s tenure had chalked out a plan to convert all taxis to hybrids by 2012. Various incentives w ere offered to back this motive by the government. Ethanol producers were given 50 cents per gallon credit. (Renewable energy is a job creator, 2011) Solar technology as the name implies uses sun’s energy to generate heat, light, and electricity. There are various types of solar collectors which are used to trap the sun’s energy. Passive solar buildings designs are built to trap the sun’s heat; photovoltaic cells are designed to trap sunlight and to convert it into electricity directly. It is a renewable form of energy. On the plus side, this is an abundant source of energy, is renewable and clean.

Issues in Developmental Psychology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Issues in Developmental Psychology - Essay Example Every person is doing one's own duty in one's own station for which one is best suited to do by Nature. There are others like John Locke who considers that a person is like a tabula rasa or a blank slate when someone is born. What is expounded here suggests that a man's personality can be molded into any desired and aspired for direction and shape through modern means of education. Empty mind, however, is the devil's workshop! Similarly, early influences on human mind have a more lasting and prolonged effect in one's life. Most of the psychologists, including Sigmund Freud, believe that experiences of an early age cause deep imprints upon the concerned human mind. Experiences are more efficacious way of shaping up of a man's than merely the classroom lessons. How and at what pace change from birth to life is taking place These changes are merely quantitative or they are qualitative as well Children at certain stage of development show more of specific skills than others. Why is it like this To grasp these aspects of human growth and development, it is necessary to go into the Freudian psycho-sexual, Erik Erickson's psycho-social, Pavlov's classical conditioning, D. F. Skinner's operant conditioning and Piaget's cognitive stages of development theories related to psychologists through different experiments and experiences. According to developmental guidel... For modern psychologists, falling behind a normal yardstick of growth may at times be due to individual differences of personality and not due to any abnormalcy on the part of the concerned person. All above mentioned issues are mutually interrelated. They are to be understood in a balanced way. Freud's psycho-analytic approach to human growth depending on psycho-sexual stages, Erickson's lifespan theory of development in stages, Pavlov's environment and mutual interaction aspect, Skinner's operant conditioning impact and Piaget's focus on development of mental processes, skills and abilities are all to be known before delving deep into the developmental psychology. Analyses and Opinion This article on "Issues in Developmental Psychology" pin points major concerns in this field. As such, the concise nature of this article maybe appreciated. Mainly four issues raised are related to apparent questions about importance of a child as a person. What is more significant - inherent nature, acquired education, social environment or learned skills -- in bringing about a change in one's personality Answers to such questions are indicated to be found in different approaches to child growth and development. This is, indeed, a thought provoking article for those who are seriously inclined to find relevant answers to problems faced by them in their routine life of dedicated teachers and parents. The main weakness of this article lies in its attempt to keep away from finding answers to highlighted issues. It seems Wagner does not want to impose her own answers upon readers and practitioners of education and knowledge. She is just putting before us a few available options. An apparent difference is

Engine Management Systems Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Engine Management Systems - Coursework Example The FADEC controls the fuel injection and timing; hence, optimize engine power. This adds the considerable amount of wiring to the system due to the needed separate power supply for backup from the alternator. The extra weight of parts of FADEC system has to be checked and recalculated for adjustment. FADEC has cockpit controls and other extra switches added to this system to control the fuel pump. These systems are protected by the FADEC power supply (Gunston, 1990)). The ECU has a 3D memory map, which controls fuel injection under varied circumstances for instance, air pressure density and the air temperature, with respect to throttle settings and the RPM. The Electronic Control Unit can sense barometric pressure and respond by injecting fuel. The spark plug ignition timing is controlled depending on load for each throttle settings. The ignition timing variations yields faster engine starting and smoother operations with the variable loads. The FADEC engine does not need chocking d uring starting since the ECU controls fuel for every cylinder and assists in retarding the ignition. FADEC system does not use the carburetor and the ignition and does not also depend on aircraft electrical system (Guttman, 2009). On the other hand, in the hydromechanical control system, the driver is in control of the aircraft power plant using an internal combustion engine. The sensors and control are the alternator and the battery masters. The battery master activates the battery contractor that connects the battery to the electrical bus aircraft. Alternator master applies power to the field circuit of the alternator to activate the circuit. The two switches provide power to the aircraft systems. The throttle sets up the required power level and controls the massive air-flow rate in the carbureted engines that are delivered to the cylinder. Pitch control adjust the speed unit, which then adjusts the propeller pitch and controls the load required by the engine in maintaining the R PM. The mixture control will in turn set the needed fuel to add to the airflow intake. At high altitudes, the oxygen levels reduce and, therefore, volume of the fuel must readjust to the required air-fuel mixture. The ignition switch opens the ‘P’’lead circuit by activating the magnetos. The magnetron maintains the process of sending the output voltage to spark plugs and connects the engine through the gearing. Movement in the crankshaft causes the magnetrons to generate voltage for sparking (Hispano-Suiza, 2001). TASK 2: FADEC SYSTEM The FADEC system is connected to inputs and outputs as illustrated in the diagram 01 Diagram 01: INPUT AND OUTPUTS OF A FADEC FADEC system is the most current system used to control the aircraft engines. The computers form part of its components and have the ability to process more data than the hydromechanical control system. This, therefore. enables the FADEC to optimize the operation of the engine system, as well performs other f unctions. This includes fuel control, power management, Sourcing data for ECM controlling of thrust reverser, shutting down, detecting of faults for the system, monitoring all components of the engine, as well as sourcing data to be used for engine indication. In order to achieve these tasks, the FADEC has various components. These components include Electronic Engine Control (EEC) and the auxiliary components. These auxiliary components include the sensors, ignition systems the stator valves, the actuator controller, FADEC Alternator, the Reverser

Vehicle Suspension Is The Mechanism Engineering Essay

Vehicle Suspension Is The Mechanism Engineering Essay This suspension system will fulfil their task by allow the forces to be distributed when the wheels are rotating on the ground, complying with design specification in every load state. Also we have the geometric variation of the body position from the trim which is caused by the static and quasi static forces, these three coordinates of the centre of gravity and three angles of the body reference system which is yaw, pitch and angle. These three angles are included under the vehicle static. The main work of suspension is to absorb the shocks and irregularities that are transferred to the body, this is accomplished by the damping systems. Normally it is possible that the tyre alone can isolate the shocks that are coming from the road, but this can only be accomplished when the vehicle is driven at a smooth road and at very low speed. Because tyres damping properties are not good enough to handle the road shocks, that is why we have suspension system, this allows the wheels to rotate freely, very safe and comfortable for driving. The basic different types of suspension systems are available today. These are semi Independent, dependant and independent suspension (Genta Morello, 2009, p. 153). Front Wheel Drive Diagram According to May, 2005, p. 470 state that, when we speak about suspension we have to include the terms sprung and unsprung weight. Sprung mass indicates as the weight of the vehicle that is supported by the springs including the frame, body and everything attached to them including the parts of the suspension and unsprung mass refers as the weight of the suspension components such as the wheels, tyres and brakes on which the springs rest, or all the parts of the suspension that are not supported by the springs The independent suspension As the name suggest the wheels in this system are attached independently, and this helps to reduce the impact that is transferred to the other wheel when the vehicle travels through road irregularities. This system involves McPherson strut, double wishbone and multilink. The strut contains shock absorber and spring is located by a ball joint, which is built in to the end of the suspension arm while the rubber mounting is moulded at the other end. This is one of the few reasons that make the suspension parts of this system work freely and it makes this by far the most common type of suspension in the market today. (3D auto.com, 2006). The negative part is it is required more solid chassis or sub frame structure, the slight change in wheel track causes the tyre to scrub during the bouncing of one wheel and the alignment of the steering geometry is critical and needs more attention (Crankshaft). http://www.autolign.co.nz/images/NolathaneIndRear2.gif Independent suspension system Dependent suspension This system usually connects the two wheels that are paralleled to each other on the same rigid straight and perpendicular axle, because all mechanical linkage work together, this can affect the movement of the other wheel when the vehicle road shocks or irregularities occur. Due to its ruggedness, this system is mostly often used on heavy truck, SUVs and rear wheel drive cars (Blue Ribbon Motoring LLC, 2010). http://img.alibaba.com/photo/51011605/Front_Dependent_Air_Suspension.jpg Dependent suspension system Semi independent suspensions: This systems utilizes a cross member that joins the two trailing arms. Regardless of the solid connection with the cross member and the trailing arms, the cross member will always twist with each up and down movement of the wheels. This twisting activity will give semi independent movement as well as stabilizer effect. The purpose of this suspension is to limit the body displacement to a minimum. This helps to increase the vehicle stability. Suspensions system can also be classified as passive or active. Passive suspension system involves shock absorber and spring. These two elements are passive because they cannot add energy to this type of suspension system and passive suspension is the one that receives the energy from sources like engine which affects the body motion. This limits the motion close to its static equilibrium (Genta Morello, 2009, p.358). The following diagrams are examples of passive and active suspension: Passive suspension system Active suspension system http://www.waset.org/journals/waset/v25/v25-11.pdf(pictures) SUSPENSION COMPONENTS: Coil springs: These are basically heavy wound steel wire used to support the weight of the vehicle as well as to absorb energy from road shocks or vibration between the road and the vehicle body. Springs usually located between control arms and chassis or around McPherson strut. They can be conical or spiral wound, constant rate or uneven rate, changeable pitch spacing and variable wire thickness. Coil springs can be customised and also be used in different variations and arrangement in the suspension system (Ciulla, 2002). Damping members When the vehicle travels through road shocks, the energy is given to the spring that is deflected, the spring creates an oscillating motion that results affects the handling and comfortability of the car. To stop this, damping members (shock absorbers) are installed. They are designed to store this oscillation energy and let the spring to return to its natural state. Few different types of shock absorbers are available today. These are hydraulic, lever type and telescopic direct acting type (Hillier, 1991, p. 364) http://static.howstuffworks.com/gif/car-suspension-8.gif Leaf spring: This type of spring is mainly used in the heavy and commercial vehicles. It is made up of one or more flat leaves or bent toughened steel or plates of composite material that are attached at the ends to the vehicle under body. It connects the vehicle frame to the axle by using the U bolt that secures the metal plates that rest against the leaf springs. The U bolt also keeps the spring level against the axle, this helps to stop the vehicle from shaking under the load when driving. It has a hook end that makes it flexible when the road shocks and vibration occur. The leaf spring shape allows them to flex and absorb bumps. This type of spring is very reliable and strong in carrying heavy loads, they also help in spreading the load on all over the chassis while the coil spring just transmit it to a single point (Spring-makers-resource.net). Torsion bar: These are usually metal bars which act as a spring and can also be moved about its axis through twisting. The main job is to resist the torque placed on the vehicle by twist it along its axis. This torque is created by the force when the vehicle is moving, once the torque has been counteracted, it normally returns to its natural state. This provides the resistance level to the forces that are generated by the movement of the vehicle. The major disadvantage of the torsion bar is it cannot provide the progressive spring rate while the progressive torsion bars have a tendency to crack when the diameter of the bar changes (CDX Online eTextbook). Anti roll bar/Sway bar/Stabiliser: This is fitted underneath the front and rear of the vehicle, connected at the lower control arm. They operate together with shock absorbers/struts to provide the vehicle with at most stability as well as body roll and improve cornering traction. When the wheels move at different angles from the other, an anti sway bar helps it in maintaining the balance and stability in case of a bad movement or a sway of the vehicle. It can also help in reducing over steer or under steer when the correct anti roll bars are chosen. They are fitted tightly and tend to give a bumpy ride as it transfers force direct to the other wheel. The tighter it is the safer the vehicle is from rolling (Turnfast.com, 2008). http://www.jamesglass.org/JGA/2labor/Z_laborIMAGES/00general/0-5_glossary/antiroll_bar.jpg Air spring: The air spring is designed to provide a vibration free and a smooth ride with a preset constant frame height. It also helps to reduce the spring oscillation so that the steering control is not compromised. It can work as a mechanical leaf type spring or used with them. The air spring system helps to reduce the road shock transfer to the chassis, cargo and the driver. In addition to that it can be easily adjusted according to the load and road conditions by using a height control valve. Other major components used in this system are pressure regulator, air lines and air springs. Zero stability to dampen suspension oscillation is the main disadvantage of this system and shock absorber is used to overcome this (Bennet, 2007, p. 268). http://www.streetrodparts.tv/400-ap-35-48-Ford-Mustang.gif Bushes: These are the linkage between the vehicle, springs, struts and shock absorbers. They tend to provide the movement point of the vehicle as well as avoiding metal to metal contact between the body and the suspension links. They are designed to be soft enough to maintain the alignments settings that help in maintaining steering control and allow the adequate rotational movement. Bushes are usually fitted where ever there is a metal to metal contact. However, the main disadvantage is, it is wearing out after some time and thus need to be replaced and it can be expensive and hard job depends on the types of bushes or where they are going to be fitted (Autolign). Common locations of vehicle bushes. http://www.autolign.co.nz/images/Bushes_000.jpg Ball joints: The main job for the ball joint is to enable the suspension to move on any angle or rotating the coupling that is usually the interface between knuckle and a control arm in a vehicle suspension. It performs as the pivot point between the suspension and the tyre and this helps in improving the performance (TRW Automotive, 2010). ball joints Control arms: This is normally connects the body chassis to the suspension of the vehicle. COMMON SUSPENSION SYSTEM TYPES: Trailing arm: This normally connected at the front of the chassis, it allows the rear to move up and down. Two of these become double trailing systems arm and usually work precisely the same as the double wishbone. The arms of this system can be seen from the side of the chassis, travel back equivalent to it. However it takes a lot of room underneath but it doesnà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢t experience the side to side scrubbing setback as the double wishbone systems (Longhurst, 2010). Trailing arm car suspension McPherson struts: This type of suspension is the further development of double wishbone, the higher transverse link is replaced by a pivot point on the wheel house panel, that takes the end of the piston road and the coil spring, this create the forces from all directions to be concentrated at this point and this causes a bending stress in the piston road. When this happens, a normal rod diameter in shock absorber must be increased by at least 18mm from 11 mm, this will avoid the detrimental elastic camber and camber exchanges. The parts of this system are usually combined into one assembly while its negative point is it takes a lot of room underneath the car (Reimpell, Stoll Betzler, 2001, p. 10). MacPherson Strut Double wishbone: This is an independently system, usually the wheel is directed by a pair of triangulated wishbones and track road. The lower wishbone is connected to the strut and this offers the vertical support. The sporty set up design of this system is due to its generous through loading width and a low height. This has a beneficial effect on for motion drive, the transmission of high active forces and road-holding. It also provides camber control that gives a better handling. The negative point is it can engage a space and expensive to design (Volkswagen Canada, 2010) http://www.autolign.co.nz/images/Bushtype1.jpg Multilink suspension: This is originated from the double wishbone, the suspension links use more than three lateral arms and more than one longitudinal arms, and these can be in various length and the angle can be away from their natural directions. The arms are normally connected by spherical joint or bushing at each end and this stopping them from bending, it also allows them to work in tension and compression. The pivots in this suspension are designed to allow the spindle to turn for the steering and change the geometry of the suspension by provide torque in all suspension arms. Different car manufactures have different designs. The main positive aspect is this system lets the vehicle to flex more, better handling because of the multi links while the negative part is it is more expensive to design and manufacture due to its complexity (Raiciu, 2009) Multi Link Transverse leaf spring: This system was used during the old days, it involves leaf spring and independent double wishbone together. The leaf spring is connected at each end of the lower wishbone and is mounted across the vehicle. A sub frame in the middle of the car is connected by the centre of the spring and each of the shock absorbers is mounted at each side of the lower wishbones (Longhurst, 2010) Transverse leaf spring suspension Solid-axle: leaf spring This provides an easy way of placing and mounting the hub and wheel units. Along with coil or leaf springs can create an effective non independent suspension system. The drive is transferred through the final drive unit and axles to the wheels, and this situation causes the axle to become a live axle. The torque reaction which is caused by a vehicle when it accelerates, causing a housing of the axle to spin in the opposite of the wheel rotation. During braking, a similar result can occur but with the twisting result in the way of wheel rotation. This can cause the twisting of the leaf spring and this can result in obstructing with the suspension motion ((CDX Online eTextbook). Transverse leaf spring suspension Solid-axle: coil spring This system has replaced leaf springs because they are lighter and have less unsprung weight that provides a comfortable ride but they cannot hold the axle in line. It is mainly used in the rear wheel drive vehicles. It is normally comes with one or more control arms and two lower control arms that manage the side movement and axle motion. The track bar may be needed when one upper arm is used, this connects the vehicle from one end to the other end. In reducing the vibration, rubber bushing can be used as the suspension travels through road irregularities. The track bar is not required when two upper arms are used (Monroe technology driven safety, 2008) The rear coil spring suspension is a variation of the rear leaf spring suspension often found in rear- Solid axle coil spring suspension diagram Beam axle: In this suspension the pair of front two wheels are connected to each other using a solid axle. This results in no camber loss from body roll because the wheels are always perpendicular to the road. It is also very simple structure since it doesnà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢t contain many parts, it is very strong and can be very useful in carrying bigger loads. The disadvantages of this suspension is, it is too big thus gives a lot of mass and takes a lot of space, since it is a dependent suspension the force from one wheel can be transmitted to the other wheel and this can result in an uncomfortable ride and reducing the vehicle stability in cornering (Lowry, 2004) http://www.automotivearticles.com/uploads/beam_axle_img_001.jpg Hydropneumatic suspension: This was originally invented by Citroen. The system compresses a gas rather than a fluid. The hydraulic fluid normally provide levelling and damping while the gas becomes a spring. Sometime this system can be driven using an engine driven pump that causes the hydraulic system to be pressurised and this assists it in levelling on the different height, jack assisting and stop the body roll. Fully powered braking system and power steering can also be available. The rear and front unit contains hydrolastic displacers, a small bore pipe is used to interconnect these displacers, and each displacer incorporates a rubber spring. The pipes, rubber, and fluid that are featured in this system always act as a damping system. The rubber springs are to keep the car level and freed from any tendency pitch. It can perform this without hinder the complete range of activity on any suspension and this provides the soft ride. The negative points are, it can be expensive to fix or replace it and sometime it does require a very well trained person to deal with (Marsh, 2001). Dynamic suspension This type of suspension is commonly used in Audi A4. It contains aluminium materials that are used to reduce an unsprung weight to the minimum. The differential in this system is moved to the front and the clutch to the rear, and the front axle has been repositioned 154 mm farther forward. Optimisation of axle-load distribution is achieved by relocating the car battery in the boot. By having additional differential at the rear, weight distribution is even better balanced. These vehicles will be more responsive and will take less effort to guide and position, resulting in better handling and very low under steer and gives good traction when cornering http://www.audiworld.com/news/07/b8-a4-in-depth/suspension/A4070151_medium.jpg (Audi AG, 2007) ELECTRONIC AND ACTIVE SUSPENSIONS This type of suspension is operated by the computer, which collects the data from different sensors such as how fast the vehicle is turning, speed of the wheels rotation, pitch, roll and height information. A simple system only involves maintaining the height level of the vehicle whereas, the four wheel height adjustment system can improves ground clearance when off road and minimises aerodynamic drag and economical fuel consumption. Suspension systems that are electronically controlled tend to be more expensive and are usually found in high performance and luxury cars. Active suspension systems are the most recent developments that involve microprocessing. This varies the orifice size of the restrictor valve in a hydraulic suspension or shock absorber which causes the effective spring rate to change, lateral force, load, acceleration, or a driver preference vehicle speed can be control inputs for the processor ( http://automobiles.mapsofindia.com/useful-information/modern-suspension-system.html FUTURE SUSPENSION: Active Electromagnetic Electromagnetic suspension that combines a passive spring with a brushless tubular permanent magnet actuator. During cornering and braking this system gives more safety and stability by presenting a pitch and an active roll. It can also eliminate the road shocks by due to the measurements, static and dynamic specifications of the actuator are developed. The fulfilling of the thermal and volume specifications can be completed by using a slot less external-magnet tubular actuator (http://alexandria.tue.nl/openaccess/Metis230153.pdf) (Koji, Masaharu, Takaaaki, 2006) INTEGRATED KINETIC TM H2 CES SYSTEM: This system is an interconnected passive reactive system that controls damping and reducing high roll and articulation stiffness. The tyre load optimisation improves performance. This is achieved by replacing four double-acting hydraulic cylinders each with two integrated CES damper valves on antiroll bars and shock absorbers. An automatic pressure maintenance unit (APMU), and a pair of accumulators with valves and interconnected hydraulic lines. The flow is restricted by the two CES valves in each corner, this allows the better performance and good handling. In addition to that, the CES damper valves are electronically controlled by the intelligent control algorithms in order to allow the wheel motions and a body control (Tenneco). Sustainability: Recycling: Conclusion: